{ "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "attribution": "NuclearChain (nuclearchain.net). Fleet data derived from Global Nuclear Power Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, August 2026 release (CC BY 4.0). Fuel chain data curated by NuclearChain from the sources cited on each facility page.", "generated": "2026-09-07", "about": "The nuclear fuel chain: stages, world capacity by operator, facilities, companies and supply relationships.", "counts": { "stages": 6, "facilities": 90, "companies": 45, "supplies": 21 }, "stages": [ { "slug": "mining", "stage": "mining", "name": "Mining and milling", "title": "Where uranium comes from", "question": "Where is uranium mined?", "lede": "Uranium is mined in about twenty countries, but three supply three quarters of it: Kazakhstan produced 23,270 tonnes in 2024, Canada 14,309 and Namibia 7,333, out of a world total of 60,213 tonnes. Most of it never leaves the ground in the conventional sense — Kazakhstan's output comes almost entirely from in-situ leaching, dissolving uranium underground and pumping the solution to the surface.\n", "chokepoint": "Mining is the least concentrated stage of the chain. Deposits are geographically diverse, several countries could expand output, and a price rise brings idled mines back — Langer Heinrich restarted in 2024 after a decade on care and maintenance. The concentration that matters is national and political rather than corporate, and it is moving: Chinese utilities now control both of Namibia's major mines, Rosatom subsidiaries hold stakes in several of Kazakhstan's largest operations, and Niger nationalised Somaïr in 2025 after fifty years of supplying France.\n" }, { "slug": "conversion", "stage": "conversion", "name": "Conversion", "title": "Who converts uranium to UF6", "question": "What is uranium conversion and who does it?", "lede": "Conversion turns uranium oxide into uranium hexafluoride, the only compound of uranium that becomes a gas at a convenient temperature — and enrichment requires a gas. Five commercial plants on earth do this: Cameco at Port Hope, Orano at Malvési and Tricastin, ConverDyn at Metropolis, Rosatom at Seversk, and CNNC at Lanzhou and Hengyang. World capacity is about 62,000 tonnes of uranium a year.\n", "chokepoint": "Five plants, and one of them has already demonstrated it will shut when prices fall. Unlike mining, conversion capacity cannot be brought back quickly: restarting Metropolis took about two years. A country without conversion cannot use its own uranium, no matter how much it mines — which is why Australia, holding the world's largest resources, ships yellowcake abroad.\n" }, { "slug": "enrichment", "stage": "enrichment", "name": "Enrichment", "title": "Who enriches uranium", "question": "Who enriches uranium and how concentrated is the market?", "lede": "Four organisations enrich essentially all the world's uranium: Rosatom, Urenco, CNNC and Orano. Together they hold about 99% of the 68,076 thousand SWU of annual world capacity, and Rosatom alone holds roughly 43% of it. This is the tightest chokepoint in the nuclear fuel chain and the one with the sharpest geopolitical consequences.\n", "chokepoint": "The tightest stage in the chain. Rosatom holds about 43% of world capacity, and the top three operators hold roughly 88%. Enrichment technology is export-controlled under the Nuclear Suppliers Group because the same centrifuges that make reactor fuel make weapons material if you keep going — which means new entrants face not just capital cost but non-proliferation politics.\n" }, { "slug": "fabrication", "stage": "fabrication", "name": "Fabrication", "title": "Who makes nuclear fuel assemblies", "question": "Which companies fabricate nuclear fuel, and for which reactors?", "lede": "Fabrication turns enriched uranium into finished fuel assemblies, and unlike every stage before it the product is not a commodity. An assembly built for a Westinghouse four-loop PWR does not fit a VVER-1000, and a CANDU bundle fits neither. World light water reactor assembly capacity is about 14,912 tonnes a year, with a further 4,946 tonnes of CANDU-type capacity that is not interchangeable with it.\n", "chokepoint": "Less concentrated than conversion or enrichment in raw capacity, but far stickier. The constraint is not tonnes per year, it is qualification: a utility cannot switch fabricator without a multi-year licensing effort, so a reactor's fuel supplier is effectively chosen when the reactor is chosen.\n" }, { "slug": "haleu", "stage": "haleu", "name": "HALEU", "title": "What HALEU is and where it comes from", "question": "What is HALEU and who can actually produce it?", "lede": "HALEU is uranium enriched above 5% and below 20% U-235 — higher than the fuel any commercial Western power reactor uses today. About two thirds of advanced reactor and SMR designs need it. Until October 2023 no Western facility produced any, and the only plant that does now, Centrus at Piketon, made 900 kilograms in the year to mid-2026. Note the unit: kilograms, against tonnes everywhere else in this chain.\n", "chokepoint": "The most severe constraint in the entire chain, and the newest. Western annual production is measured in hundreds of kilograms while a single small reactor's first core needs several tonnes. Every HALEU-dependent design on the SMR tracker is competing for the same barely-existent supply, and the facilities meant to fix it are dated 2028 to 2031.\n" }, { "slug": "back-end", "stage": "reprocessing", "name": "Back end", "title": "What happens to used nuclear fuel", "question": "What happens to spent nuclear fuel?", "lede": "Used fuel leaves a reactor still containing about 96% of its original uranium plus roughly 1% plutonium. Countries split on what to do about that. France, Russia, Japan and India reprocess it to recover the usable material; the United States, Canada, Sweden and Finland treat it as waste for direct disposal. World commercial reprocessing capacity is about 3,860 tonnes a year — and after seventy years of nuclear power, exactly two countries are building a permanent repository for spent fuel.\n", "chokepoint": "Not a capacity constraint but a political one. There is enough dry storage, casks can be built to order, and reprocessing capacity broadly matches demand from the countries that want it. The bottleneck is consent: repository siting has failed politically in more countries than it has succeeded. The two programmes that worked, in Finland and Sweden, both spent decades building local agreement before they moved rock — which is why Canada's fifteen-year voluntary siting process is now the part other countries study, rather than the geology.\n" } ], "capacity": [ { "stage": "enrichment", "unit": "tSWU/yr", "year": 2025, "world_total": 68076, "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium Enrichment", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/uranium-enrichment", "operators": [ { "company_id": "rosatom", "name": "Rosatom", "value": 29133 }, { "company_id": "urenco", "name": "Urenco", "value": 17300 }, { "company_id": "cnnc", "name": "CNNC", "value": 13789, "note": "estimated" }, { "company_id": "orano", "name": "Orano", "value": 7500 }, { "company_id": null, "name": "Others (JNFL", "INB)": null, "value": 355 } ] }, { "stage": "conversion", "unit": "tU/yr as UF6", "year": 2022, "world_total": 62000, "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Conversion and Deconversion", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/conversion-and-deconversion", "operators": [ { "company_id": "cnnc", "name": "CNNC", "value": 15000 }, { "company_id": "orano", "name": "Orano", "value": 15000 }, { "company_id": "cameco", "name": "Cameco", "value": 12500 }, { "company_id": "rosatom", "name": "Rosatom", "value": 12500 }, { "company_id": "converdyn", "name": "ConverDyn", "value": 7000 } ] }, { "stage": "fabrication", "unit": "tHM/yr", "year": 2022, "world_total": 14912, "world_total_note": "Light water reactor assembly capacity. A further 4,946 tHM/yr of PHWR/CANDU capacity exists and is counted separately, because the two product lines are not interchangeable.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication", "operators": [ { "company_id": "westinghouse", "name": "Westinghouse", "value": 3000, "note": "Columbia, Västerås and Springfields" }, { "company_id": "tvel", "name": "TVEL", "value": 2760, "note": "Elektrostal and Novosibirsk" }, { "company_id": "framatome", "name": "Framatome", "value": 3250, "note": "Romans, Richland and Lingen" }, { "company_id": "gnf", "name": "Global Nuclear Fuel", "value": 1630, "note": "Wilmington and Kurihama" }, { "company_id": "kepco-nf", "name": "KEPCO Nuclear Fuel", "value": 900 }, { "company_id": "cnnc", "name": "CNNC", "value": 1400, "note": "Yibin and Baotou" } ] }, { "stage": "mining", "unit": "tU/yr", "year": 2024, "world_total": 60213, "world_total_note": "Actual production, not capacity.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production", "operators": [ { "company_id": "kazatomprom", "name": "Kazakhstan (all operators)", "value": 23270 }, { "company_id": null, "name": "Canada (all operators)", "value": 14309 }, { "company_id": null, "name": "Namibia (all operators)", "value": 7333 } ] }, { "stage": "reprocessing", "unit": "tHM/yr", "year": 2022, "world_total": 3860, "world_total_note": "Includes Rokkasho's 800 tHM/yr design capacity, which has never operated commercially.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/fuel-recycling/processing-of-used-nuclear-fuel", "operators": [ { "company_id": "orano", "name": "Orano", "value": 1700 }, { "company_id": "jnfl", "name": "JNFL", "value": 800, "note": "not yet operating" }, { "company_id": "rosatom", "name": "Rosatom", "value": 400 }, { "company_id": "npcil", "name": "India (DAE, 4 plants)", "value": 260 } ] } ], "facilities": [ { "slug": "cnnc-conversion", "name": "Lanzhou and Hengyang", "stage": "conversion", "company_id": "cnnc", "country_iso3": "CHN", "lat": 36.0611, "lon": 103.8343, "capacity_value": 15000, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr as UF6", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": "Combined nameplate across two sites.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "China's conversion capacity, expanded rapidly to match its reactor build programme. Nominally the largest in the world alongside Orano, though output is directed almost entirely at the domestic fleet rather than the merchant market.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Conversion and Deconversion", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/conversion-and-deconversion" }, { "slug": "orano-tricastin-malvesi", "name": "Malvési and Philippe Coste (Tricastin)", "stage": "conversion", "company_id": "orano", "country_iso3": "FRA", "lat": 44.3333, "lon": 4.7333, "capacity_value": 15000, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr as UF6", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "A two-site operation: Malvési near Narbonne converts ore concentrate to uranium tetrafluoride, which is trucked to the Philippe Coste plant at Tricastin and fluorinated to UF6. Tricastin also hosts Orano's enrichment plant, so conversion and enrichment sit on the same site — the only place in the West where that is true.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Conversion and Deconversion", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/conversion-and-deconversion" }, { "slug": "metropolis-works", "name": "Metropolis Works", "stage": "conversion", "company_id": "converdyn", "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 37.1509, "lon": -88.732, "capacity_value": 7000, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr as UF6", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": "Nameplate. Idled 2017-2023; reported zero output in 2022.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The only uranium conversion plant in the United States. Honeywell idled it in 2017 when conversion prices collapsed below cost, and restarted it in 2023 as the market tightened after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. For six years the US had no domestic conversion capability at all — the clearest illustration of how thin this stage is.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Conversion and Deconversion", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/conversion-and-deconversion" }, { "slug": "port-hope-conversion", "name": "Port Hope Conversion Facility", "stage": "conversion", "company_id": "cameco", "country_iso3": "CAN", "lat": 43.95, "lon": -78.2833, "capacity_value": 12500, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr as UF6", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The only conversion plant in Canada and the only one in the world that also produces uranium dioxide for CANDU fuel, on the same site. UF6 output feeds enrichers worldwide; the UO2 line feeds Cameco's own CANDU fabrication, which needs no enrichment at all.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Conversion and Deconversion", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/conversion-and-deconversion" }, { "slug": "seversk-conversion", "name": "Siberian Chemical Combine, Seversk", "stage": "conversion", "company_id": "rosatom", "country_iso3": "RUS", "lat": 56.6, "lon": 84.8833, "capacity_value": 12500, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr as UF6", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Russia's conversion capacity, co-located with one of its four enrichment plants. Rosatom consolidated conversion at Seversk from several Soviet-era sites.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Conversion and Deconversion", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/conversion-and-deconversion" }, { "slug": "tricastin-deconversion", "name": "Tricastin deconversion (W plant)", "stage": "deconversion", "company_id": "orano", "country_iso3": "FRA", "lat": 44.33, "lon": 4.72, "capacity_value": 20000, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Converts depleted UF6 tails back to a stable oxide for long-term storage. Every tonne of enriched uranium leaves roughly seven tonnes of depleted tails behind, and this is where they are made safe to store.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Conversion and Deconversion", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/conversion-and-deconversion" }, { "slug": "capenhurst-chemplants", "name": "Urenco ChemPlants, Capenhurst", "stage": "deconversion", "company_id": "urenco", "country_iso3": "GBR", "lat": 53.26, "lon": -2.95, "capacity_value": 10000, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Urenco's tails deconversion facility, co-located with its UK enrichment plant.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Conversion and Deconversion", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/conversion-and-deconversion" }, { "slug": "ahaus", "name": "Ahaus interim storage", "stage": "dry_storage", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "DEU", "lat": 52.08, "lon": 7.01, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Capacity not publicly stated in tonnes.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "One of Germany's central above-ground dry stores. Germany has shut every power reactor but must still hold the used fuel: its site selection process has not chosen a repository location, and the search has been running since 2017 with no site expected to be named for years.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-waste/storage-and-disposal-of-radioactive-waste" }, { "slug": "ukraine-csfsf", "name": "Central Spent Fuel Storage Facility", "stage": "dry_storage", "company_id": "energoatom", "country_iso3": "UKR", "lat": 51.38, "lon": 30.1, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Capacity not publicly stated in tonnes.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": "2023", "notes": "Commissioned in December 2023 inside the Chornobyl exclusion zone, using Holtec dry storage casks. Before it existed Ukraine shipped used fuel from its VVERs to Russia for storage and paid for the service; the facility ends that dependency, and was completed during a war.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-waste/storage-and-disposal-of-radioactive-waste" }, { "slug": "clab", "name": "Clab central interim storage", "stage": "dry_storage", "company_id": "skb", "country_iso3": "SWE", "lat": 57.415, "lon": 16.67, "capacity_value": 11000, "capacity_unit": "tHM", "capacity_year": 2025, "capacity_note": "Total licensed capacity, expanded from an original 5,000 tHM. Roughly 7,300 tHM was in store as of the most recent public figure. This is a stock, not an annual rate.\n", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": "1985", "notes": "Sweden's entire spent fuel inventory in one building, held in pools 7 to 12 metres deep about 30 metres underground. Fuel spends around a year at the reactor first, then comes here to cool for decades before encapsulation. Clab is the interim step in a plan whose end point — the Forsmark repository — is now actually under construction, which makes Sweden one of very few countries with a complete and funded route from reactor to disposal.\n", "source_name": "SKB", "source_url": "https://skb.com/our-operations/clab/" }, { "slug": "gorleben-storage", "name": "Gorleben interim storage", "stage": "dry_storage", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "DEU", "lat": 53.035, "lon": 11.345, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Capacity not publicly stated in tonnes.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "An above-ground cask store beside the salt dome that was investigated as a repository for decades and abandoned in 2020. The store remains; the disposal route it was built to serve does not.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-waste/storage-and-disposal-of-radioactive-waste" }, { "slug": "habog", "name": "HABOG", "stage": "dry_storage", "company_id": "covra", "country_iso3": "NLD", "lat": 51.44, "lon": 3.72, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Capacity not publicly stated in tonnes.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": "2003", "notes": "A single above-ground building holding all Dutch high-level waste and spent fuel, designed for at least a hundred years of storage. It is painted orange and repainted progressively paler as the radioactivity decays — the building is a deliberate public instrument as much as a store.\n", "source_name": "COVRA", "source_url": "https://www.covra.nl/en/" }, { "slug": "ignalina-storage", "name": "Ignalina dry storage", "stage": "dry_storage", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "LTU", "lat": 55.604, "lon": 26.56, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Capacity not publicly stated in tonnes.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Dry cask storage for the RBMK fuel from Ignalina, shut as a condition of Lithuania's EU accession. A decommissioned plant still needs its fuel managed for decades afterwards.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-waste/storage-and-disposal-of-radioactive-waste" }, { "slug": "zwilag", "name": "Zwilag central interim storage", "stage": "dry_storage", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "CHE", "lat": 47.456, "lon": 8.228, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Capacity not publicly stated in tonnes.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": "2001", "notes": "Switzerland's central above-ground dry store at Würenlingen, holding spent fuel and vitrified waste returned from reprocessing in France and the UK, pending a repository not expected before 2050.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-waste/storage-and-disposal-of-radioactive-waste" }, { "slug": "cnnc-enrichment", "name": "CNNC enrichment plants", "stage": "enrichment", "company_id": "cnnc", "country_iso3": "CHN", "lat": 34.3416, "lon": 108.9398, "capacity_value": 13789, "capacity_unit": "tSWU/yr", "capacity_year": 2025, "capacity_note": "Estimate. China does not publish enrichment capacity; the WNA figure assumes capacity is developed to match domestic reactor demand.\n", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Chinese capacity, centred on Shaanxi. Roughly a fifth of the world total and growing faster than any other operator's, though directed at the domestic fleet rather than the merchant market. Treat the figure as an informed estimate, not a disclosure.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium Enrichment", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/uranium-enrichment" }, { "slug": "georges-besse-ii", "name": "Georges Besse II, Tricastin", "stage": "enrichment", "company_id": "orano", "country_iso3": "FRA", "lat": 44.33, "lon": 4.72, "capacity_value": 7500, "capacity_unit": "tSWU/yr", "capacity_year": 2025, "capacity_note": "Orano has announced expansion to 10,000 tSWU/yr by 2030.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": "2011", "notes": "France's only enrichment plant, a centrifuge facility that replaced the vastly more power-hungry Georges Besse I gaseous diffusion plant. The old plant consumed roughly 3% of French electricity and was fed by three dedicated reactors at Tricastin; the centrifuge replacement uses about 2% as much energy per SWU.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium Enrichment", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/uranium-enrichment" }, { "slug": "rosatom-enrichment", "name": "Novouralsk, Zelenogorsk, Angarsk and Seversk", "stage": "enrichment", "company_id": "tvel", "country_iso3": "RUS", "lat": 57.25, "lon": 60.08, "capacity_value": 29133, "capacity_unit": "tSWU/yr", "capacity_year": 2025, "capacity_note": "Combined across all four Russian plants; Rosatom does not publish a per-site split.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Four plants holding roughly 43% of world enrichment capacity — more than the rest of the world combined outside China. This single number is the reason enrichment is treated as a strategic dependency: until the 2024 US import ban, Russia supplied around a fifth of US reactor fuel enrichment, and it remains the only established commercial source of HALEU.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium Enrichment", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/uranium-enrichment" }, { "slug": "orano-project-ike", "name": "Project IKE, Oak Ridge", "stage": "enrichment", "company_id": "orano", "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 35.93, "lon": -84.31, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tSWU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Capacity not disclosed. Under development with DOE support.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "planned", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Orano's planned US centrifuge enrichment facility, part of the DOE programme to rebuild domestic capacity after the ban on Russian imports.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium Enrichment", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/uranium-enrichment" }, { "slug": "rokkasho-enrichment", "name": "Rokkasho Enrichment Plant", "stage": "enrichment", "company_id": "jnfl", "country_iso3": "JPN", "lat": 40.95, "lon": 141.38, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tSWU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Japan and Brazil together are reported as 355 tSWU/yr in 2025; a per-plant split is not given.\n", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Japan's only enrichment plant, on the Rokkasho site alongside the long-delayed reprocessing facility. Capacity is small relative to the Japanese fleet, which imports most of its enrichment services.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium Enrichment", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/uranium-enrichment" }, { "slug": "urenco-almelo", "name": "Urenco Almelo", "stage": "enrichment", "company_id": "urenco", "country_iso3": "NLD", "lat": 52.356, "lon": 6.63, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tSWU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Urenco reports capacity for its four plants as a group (17,300 tSWU/yr in 2025), not per site. A per-plant split is not disclosed, so none is invented here.\n", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": "1973", "notes": "The original Urenco plant and the birthplace of the commercial gas centrifuge, built under the 1970 Treaty of Almelo between the UK, the Netherlands and West Germany.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium Enrichment", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/uranium-enrichment" }, { "slug": "urenco-capenhurst", "name": "Urenco Capenhurst", "stage": "enrichment", "company_id": "urenco", "country_iso3": "GBR", "lat": 53.26, "lon": -2.95, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tSWU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Included in Urenco's group figure; per-plant capacity not disclosed.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The UK site, which also hosts Urenco ChemPlants' tails deconversion facility. Urenco has said it intends to produce HALEU here, targeting 2031.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium Enrichment", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/uranium-enrichment" }, { "slug": "urenco-gronau", "name": "Urenco Gronau", "stage": "enrichment", "company_id": "urenco", "country_iso3": "DEU", "lat": 52.21, "lon": 7.04, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tSWU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Included in Urenco's group figure; per-plant capacity not disclosed.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Germany's only enrichment plant, and notably exempt from the country's nuclear phase-out: it continues to operate and export after every German power reactor has shut.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium Enrichment", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/uranium-enrichment" }, { "slug": "urenco-eunice", "name": "Urenco USA, National Enrichment Facility", "stage": "enrichment", "company_id": "urenco", "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 32.434, "lon": -103.064, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tSWU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Included in Urenco's group figure. Urenco is adding 700 tSWU/yr here across eight new cascades, the first of which started up in May 2025.\n", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": "2010", "notes": "The only operating commercial enrichment plant in the United States. In October 2025 it received NRC authorisation to enrich up to 10% U-235 — LEU+ rather than full HALEU, but the first Western step above the long-standing 5% ceiling.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium Enrichment", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/uranium-enrichment" }, { "slug": "baotou-cbnf", "name": "Baotou (CBNF)", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "cnnfc", "country_iso3": "CHN", "lat": 40.657, "lon": 109.84, "capacity_value": 400, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Rod and assembly capacity at Baotou, supporting China's expanding PWR fleet.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "baotou-cnnfc", "name": "Baotou (CNNFC)", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "cnnfc", "country_iso3": "CHN", "lat": 40.657, "lon": 109.84, "capacity_value": 246, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": "PHWR fuel; the site also has 200 tHM/yr of LWR capacity.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Supplies CANDU fuel for the Qinshan Phase III units, China's only PHWRs.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "cameco-fuel-manufacturing", "name": "Cameco Fuel Manufacturing, Port Hope", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "cameco", "country_iso3": "CAN", "lat": 43.95, "lon": -78.29, "capacity_value": 1650, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": "CANDU (PHWR) fuel bundles.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The largest CANDU fuel plant in the world. Because CANDU runs on natural uranium, this line is fed directly from conversion with no enrichment step at all — the shortest fuel chain of any commercial reactor type.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "columbia-fuel", "name": "Columbia Fuel Fabrication Facility", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "westinghouse", "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 33.88, "lon": -80.95, "capacity_value": 1600, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The largest LWR fabrication plant in the world, supplying Westinghouse PWR assemblies to the US fleet and abroad. Westinghouse also qualified VVER-compatible assemblies here and at Västerås, which is how Ukraine and the Czech Republic broke a long-standing dependence on Russian fuel.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "daejeon-kepco-nf", "name": "Daejeon", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "kepco-nf", "country_iso3": "KOR", "lat": 36.35, "lon": 127.38, "capacity_value": 900, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": "LWR assembly capacity; the site also produces 400 t/yr of PHWR fuel.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Sole supplier to the South Korean fleet, producing both PWR and CANDU assemblies.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "elektrostal", "name": "Elektrostal (MSZ)", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "tvel", "country_iso3": "RUS", "lat": 55.79, "lon": 38.44, "capacity_value": 1560, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "TVEL's principal fabrication plant, supplying VVER assemblies to Russia and to the exported VVER fleet across Eastern Europe, Türkiye, India, China and Iran.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "ezeiza-conuar", "name": "Ezeiza and Córdoba (Conuar)", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "ARG", "lat": -34.85, "lon": -58.52, "capacity_value": 200, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": "PHWR fuel; a 10 tHM/yr LWR line also exists.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Argentina's fuel supplier, serving the Atucha and Embalse heavy water reactors.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "juzbado", "name": "Juzbado", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "enusa", "country_iso3": "ESP", "lat": 41.03, "lon": -5.86, "capacity_value": 500, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Spain's fabrication plant, supplying PWR and BWR assemblies domestically and in Europe.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "kumatori-nfi", "name": "Kumatori (NFI)", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "JPN", "lat": 34.39, "lon": 135.36, "capacity_value": 284, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Nuclear Fuel Industries' PWR line.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "kurihama-gnf-j", "name": "Kurihama (GNF-J)", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "gnf", "country_iso3": "JPN", "lat": 35.23, "lon": 139.71, "capacity_value": 630, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Global Nuclear Fuel's Japanese BWR plant, a joint venture with Hitachi and Toshiba.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "lingen-anf", "name": "Lingen (ANF)", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "framatome", "country_iso3": "DEU", "lat": 52.52, "lon": 7.32, "capacity_value": 650, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Like the Gronau enrichment plant, Lingen continues to operate and export after Germany's last power reactor shut — the phase-out covered generation, not the fuel cycle.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "novosibirsk", "name": "Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "tvel", "country_iso3": "RUS", "lat": 55.04, "lon": 82.93, "capacity_value": 1200, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "TVEL's second fabrication plant, supplying VVER and RBMK-derived fuel.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "hyderabad-nfc", "name": "Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "npcil", "country_iso3": "IND", "lat": 17.385, "lon": 78.4867, "capacity_value": 1000, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": "PHWR fuel; the site also has 48 t/yr of LWR capacity.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "India's fuel complex, supplying its indigenous PHWR fleet. India's exclusion from the Nuclear Suppliers Group for decades forced a fully domestic fuel chain, which is why this plant exists at this scale.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "pitesti", "name": "Pitești", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "ROU", "lat": 44.86, "lon": 24.87, "capacity_value": 250, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": "CANDU fuel bundles.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Romania's fuel plant, supplying the CANDU units at Cernavodă.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "resende-inb", "name": "Resende", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "BRA", "lat": -22.47, "lon": -44.45, "capacity_value": 240, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil's plant, which also hosts Brazil's small enrichment capacity — one of very few sites outside the major powers doing both.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "richland-fuel", "name": "Richland", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "framatome", "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 46.28, "lon": -119.28, "capacity_value": 1200, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Framatome's US fabrication site. It is also where Framatome is establishing a HALEU-capable fabrication line, one of the few Western routes from HALEU feedstock to a finished assembly.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "romans-fbfc", "name": "Romans-sur-Isère (FBFC)", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "framatome", "country_iso3": "FRA", "lat": 45.05, "lon": 5.05, "capacity_value": 1400, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Framatome's main fabrication plant, supplying the French fleet and export customers.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "springfields", "name": "Springfields", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "westinghouse", "country_iso3": "GBR", "lat": 53.76, "lon": -2.81, "capacity_value": 600, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The UK's only fuel fabrication site, and the sole producer of fuel for the AGR fleet — a bespoke product with exactly one customer, whose plant must outlive the reactors it supplies.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "tokai-mitsubishi", "name": "Tokai-Mura (Mitsubishi Nuclear Fuel)", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "mhi", "country_iso3": "JPN", "lat": 36.47, "lon": 140.57, "capacity_value": 440, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Supplies PWR fuel to Japan's Kansai, Kyushu and Shikoku fleets.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "tokai-nfi", "name": "Tokai-Mura (NFI)", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "JPN", "lat": 36.47, "lon": 140.57, "capacity_value": 250, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Nuclear Fuel Industries' BWR line.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "bwxt-toronto-peterborough", "name": "Toronto and Peterborough", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "bwxt", "country_iso3": "CAN", "lat": 43.65, "lon": -79.38, "capacity_value": 1200, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": "CANDU (PHWR) fuel bundles.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The second Canadian CANDU fuel supplier, serving Ontario's fleet.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "ust-kamenogorsk-ulba", "name": "Ust-Kamenogorsk (ULBA)", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 49.95, "lon": 82.61, "capacity_value": 200, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Kazatomprom's fabrication plant, a joint venture with CGN supplying Chinese reactors. It moves Kazakhstan one step further down the chain than mining alone.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "vasteras", "name": "Västerås", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "westinghouse", "country_iso3": "SWE", "lat": 59.61, "lon": 16.55, "capacity_value": 800, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Westinghouse's European plant, and the site where VVER-440 and VVER-1000 compatible assemblies were developed — the technical basis for ending Russian fuel monopoly in several EU states.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "wilmington-gnf", "name": "Wilmington", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "gnf", "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 34.29, "lon": -77.9, "capacity_value": 1000, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The boiling water reactor fuel plant for the Western fleet, and the intended source of fuel for the BWRX-300 small modular reactor, which uses conventional enrichment rather than HALEU.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "yibin-cjnf", "name": "Yibin (CJNF)", "stage": "fabrication", "company_id": "cnnc", "country_iso3": "CHN", "lat": 28.77, "lon": 104.62, "capacity_value": 800, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "China's main LWR fuel plant, supplying the domestic PWR fleet.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Fuel Fabrication", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "slug": "piketon-acp", "name": "American Centrifuge Plant, Piketon", "stage": "haleu", "company_id": "centrus", "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 39.02, "lon": -83, "capacity_value": 900, "capacity_unit": "kg HALEU/yr", "capacity_year": 2025, "capacity_note": "Demonstration cascade output under the DOE contract. Centrus produced 900 kg in the year to mid-2026 and more than 1,900 kg cumulatively since October 2023.\n", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": "2023", "notes": "The first US-owned, US-technology enrichment plant to produce in seventy years, and the only Western facility currently enriching to HALEU. Its entire annual output would fuel roughly one small reactor's first core. In 2026 Centrus received a $900 million DOE task order to expand Piketon to commercial-scale HALEU production.\n", "source_name": "US Department of Energy and Centrus Energy announcements", "source_url": "https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/centrus-reaches-900-kilogram-mark-haleu-production" }, { "slug": "nuclear-fuel-services-erwin", "name": "Nuclear Fuel Services, Erwin", "stage": "haleu", "company_id": "bwxt", "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 36.147, "lon": -82.416, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "kg HALEU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Capacity not publicly disclosed.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The only US commercial facility licensed to handle category 1 special nuclear material at scale, and the processing route for downblended HEU. BWXT's naval fuel work is what keeps this capability in existence at all.\n", "source_name": "BWX Technologies", "source_url": "https://www.bwxt.com/" }, { "slug": "savannah-river-downblending", "name": "Savannah River Site HEU downblending", "stage": "haleu", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 33.28, "lon": -81.65, "capacity_value": 3100, "capacity_unit": "kg HALEU total", "capacity_year": 2026, "capacity_note": "Not an annual rate. Roughly 2.2 tonnes of surplus high-enriched uranium is expected to yield about 3.1 tonnes of HALEU over two to four years.\n", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Diluting surplus weapons-grade material down into reactor fuel. This is a stopgap, not a supply chain: the stock is finite and non-renewable, intended to bridge the gap until commercial enrichment capacity exists.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/high-assay-low-enriched-uranium-haleu" }, { "slug": "urenco-capenhurst-haleu", "name": "Urenco Capenhurst HALEU line", "stage": "haleu", "company_id": "urenco", "country_iso3": "GBR", "lat": 53.26, "lon": -2.95, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "kg HALEU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Capacity not disclosed. Production targeted for 2031.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "planned", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Urenco's UK HALEU project. The 2031 target date, set against SMR developers promising units in the late 2020s, is the clearest statement of the mismatch between reactor timelines and fuel timelines.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/high-assay-low-enriched-uranium-haleu" }, { "slug": "akdala-south-inkai", "name": "Akdala and South Inkai", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 45.1, "lon": 67.3, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 2803, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "In-situ leach, held jointly by Uranium One and Kazatomprom.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production" }, { "slug": "akbastau", "name": "Budenovskoye 1, 3 & 4 (Akbastau)", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 44.05, "lon": 68.45, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 1545, "output_year": 2022, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "A 50/50 joint venture between Kazatomprom and Uranium One, part of the Budenovskoye field.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Kazakhstan", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kazakhstan" }, { "slug": "central-mynkuduk", "name": "Central Mynkuduk", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 43.9, "lon": 68.9, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 1650, "output_year": 2022, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Wholly Kazatomprom-owned in-situ leach operation, worked through the Ken Dala.kz subsidiary.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Kazakhstan", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kazakhstan" }, { "slug": "cigar-lake", "name": "Cigar Lake", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "cameco", "country_iso3": "CAN", "lat": 58.0667, "lon": -104.5333, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 6501, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The second-highest-grade deposit on earth, jointly owned with Orano. Mined by jet boring through ground frozen in place, because the surrounding rock is water-saturated sandstone that would otherwise flood the workings — as it did twice, in 2006 and 2008.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production" }, { "slug": "dalur", "name": "Dalur", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "rosatom", "country_iso3": "RUS", "lat": 56, "lon": 63, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 588, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Acid in-situ leach in sandstones in Kurgan Oblast, the smallest of Rosatom's three domestic operations.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Russia's Nuclear Fuel Cycle", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-fuel-cycle" }, { "slug": "four-mile", "name": "Four Mile", "stage": "mining", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "AUS", "lat": -30.15, "lon": 139.55, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Reported by the source in tonnes U3O8. Normalised at 1 t U3O8 = 0.848 tU; both values are kept.\n", "output_value": 1503, "output_year": 2022, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "An in-situ recovery operation run by Quasar Resources, with the loaded resin processed at the neighbouring Beverley plant rather than on site. Australia's only other producing uranium operation besides Olympic Dam.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Australia", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/australia" }, { "slug": "husab", "name": "Husab", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "cgn", "country_iso3": "NAM", "lat": -22.55, "lon": 15.05, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 4437, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "A large open pit in the Namib desert, operated by Swakop Uranium and majority owned by China General Nuclear — one of the clearest examples of Chinese utilities integrating backwards into their own fuel supply.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production" }, { "slug": "inkai", "name": "Inkai, sites 1-3", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 44.9, "lon": 67, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 2992, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "A Kazatomprom and Cameco joint venture, and Cameco's main non-Canadian source. In-situ leach, like almost all Kazakh production.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production" }, { "slug": "irkol", "name": "Irkol", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 44.1, "lon": 66.2, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 940, "output_year": 2022, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "A Kazatomprom and CGN joint venture through Semizbai-U — Chinese utilities buying into supply at the mine, the same pattern as their acquisition of both major Namibian mines.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Kazakhstan", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kazakhstan" }, { "slug": "karatau-budenovskoye", "name": "Karatau (Budenovskoye 2)", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 44, "lon": 68.5, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 3299, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "An in-situ leach operation jointly held by Kazatomprom and Uranium One, a Rosatom subsidiary — so a meaningful share of Kazakh output sits under partial Russian ownership even though the mine is Kazakh.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production" }, { "slug": "kharasan-2", "name": "Kharasan 2 (Baiken-U)", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 44.25, "lon": 65.6, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 1315, "output_year": 2022, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Majority held by Energy Asia, a Japanese consortium vehicle, with Kazatomprom holding 5%.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Kazakhstan", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kazakhstan" }, { "slug": "khiagda", "name": "Khiagda", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "rosatom", "country_iso3": "RUS", "lat": 55, "lon": 113.5, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 1103, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Russia's largest uranium operation, an acid in-situ leach field in sandstones in Buryatia. It overtook the older Priargunsky underground mine as ISL costs fell.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Russia's Nuclear Fuel Cycle", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-fuel-cycle" }, { "slug": "khorassan-1", "name": "Khorassan 1", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 44.2, "lon": 65.5, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 2030, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "In-situ leach, Kazatomprom and Uranium One.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production" }, { "slug": "langer-heinrich", "name": "Langer Heinrich", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "paladin", "country_iso3": "NAM", "lat": -22.82, "lon": 15.32, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 691, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Restarted in 2024 after a decade on care and maintenance — the clearest single signal that the uranium price had recovered enough to bring idled capacity back. An open pit with an alkaline leach circuit, unusual among uranium mines.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Namibia", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/namibia" }, { "slug": "mcarthur-river-key-lake", "name": "McArthur River / Key Lake", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "cameco", "country_iso3": "CAN", "lat": 57.7667, "lon": -105.0333, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 7808, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The highest-grade uranium mine in the world, with ore averaging over 6% U — roughly a hundred times the global average grade. The ore is so radioactive that it is mined remotely by raise-boring and non-entry methods, then trucked 80 km to the Key Lake mill for processing.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production" }, { "slug": "moinkum-tortkuduk", "name": "Moinkum and Tortkuduk (KATCO)", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "orano", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 43.8, "lon": 69.1, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 2388, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "KATCO, an Orano and Kazatomprom joint venture, and the largest single source of Orano's uranium after the loss of its Niger operations.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production" }, { "slug": "karamurun", "name": "North and South Karamurun", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 44.4, "lon": 65.9, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 830, "output_year": 2022, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Wholly Kazatomprom-owned in-situ leach operations worked through GRK.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Kazakhstan", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kazakhstan" }, { "slug": "olympic-dam", "name": "Olympic Dam", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "bhp", "country_iso3": "AUS", "lat": -30.44, "lon": 136.88, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 2693, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Uranium here is a by-product of copper. The economics are set by the copper price, so output barely responds to the uranium market — which makes Olympic Dam a stabilising supply in a market otherwise prone to sharp production cuts.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production" }, { "slug": "priargunsky", "name": "Priargunsky", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "rosatom", "country_iso3": "RUS", "lat": 50.37, "lon": 118.4, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 1047, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Conventional underground mining plus heap leach of volcanic ore in the Streltsovskiy district — one of the last large conventional uranium mines still running anywhere, in a market that has moved decisively to in-situ leaching.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Russia's Nuclear Fuel Cycle", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-fuel-cycle" }, { "slug": "rossing", "name": "Rössing", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "cnnc", "country_iso3": "NAM", "lat": -22.4833, "lon": 15.0333, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 2205, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": "1976", "notes": "One of the oldest and largest open-pit uranium mines in the world, operating since 1976. Rio Tinto sold its majority stake to CNNC in 2019, putting a second major Namibian mine under Chinese control alongside Husab.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, World Uranium Mining Production", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production" }, { "slug": "somair", "name": "Somaïr (Arlit)", "stage": "mining", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "NER", "lat": 18.74, "lon": 7.38, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 960, "output_year": 2024, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Niger's only producing uranium mine, an open pit at Arlit operating since the 1970s. Orano held 63.4% until the Niger government nationalised it in June 2025; exports had already been halted since July 2023. The loss of Niger removed a long-standing pillar of French fuel supply, and is why Orano's Kazakh joint venture now matters so much more to it.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Niger", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/niger" }, { "slug": "south-moinkum-kanzhugan", "name": "South Moinkum and Kanzhugan", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 43.7, "lon": 69.3, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 1273, "output_year": 2022, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Wholly Kazatomprom-owned, operated through the Taukent and GRK mining companies.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Kazakhstan", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kazakhstan" }, { "slug": "appak", "name": "Western Mynkuduk (Appak)", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 43.85, "lon": 68.7, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 830, "output_year": 2022, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Kazatomprom 65%, with Sumitomo and Kansai Electric holding the balance — Japanese utilities securing supply upstream.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Kazakhstan", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kazakhstan" }, { "slug": "yining", "name": "Yining", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "cnnc", "country_iso3": "CHN", "lat": 43.9, "lon": 81.3, "capacity_value": 850, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": "Nameplate capacity, not output. China does not publish per-mine production; national output was an estimated 1,700 tU in 2022 across six operations. This row is included for coverage of the largest Chinese operation and is excluded from the production ranking.\n", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "China's largest domestic uranium operation, an in-situ leach field in Xinjiang running since 1993. Chinese domestic production covers only a fraction of its own reactor fleet, which is why CNNC and CGN have bought so heavily into mines in Namibia and Kazakhstan.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, China's Nuclear Fuel Cycle", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/china-nuclear-fuel-cycle" }, { "slug": "zarechnoye", "name": "Zarechnoye", "stage": "mining", "company_id": "kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "lat": 42.85, "lon": 68.3, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tU/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": 741, "output_year": 2022, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Held roughly evenly by Kazatomprom and Uranium One.", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Uranium in Kazakhstan", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/kazakhstan" }, { "slug": "nwmo-ignace", "name": "Canadian deep geological repository", "stage": "repository", "company_id": "nwmo", "country_iso3": "CAN", "lat": 49.417, "lon": -91.656, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM total", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Sized for Canada's CANDU fuel inventory.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "planned", "commissioned": null, "notes": "A site was selected in November 2024 — the Township of Ignace and Wabigoon Lake Ojibway Nation in Ontario — after a voluntary, consent-based siting process that ran for fifteen years. That process, rather than the geology, is what other countries now study, because repository siting has failed politically far more often than it has succeeded.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-waste/storage-and-disposal-of-radioactive-waste" }, { "slug": "cigeo", "name": "Cigéo", "stage": "repository", "company_id": "andra", "country_iso3": "FRA", "lat": 48.49, "lon": 5.14, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM total", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "For vitrified high-level and long-lived intermediate-level waste, not bare spent fuel.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "planned", "commissioned": null, "notes": "France reprocesses, so what Cigéo would take is vitrified waste rather than intact fuel assemblies. The construction licence application went in during January 2023, the regulator gave a favourable opinion in December 2025, and a public inquiry is scheduled for the second half of 2026. Commissioning is not expected before 2050.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-waste/storage-and-disposal-of-radioactive-waste" }, { "slug": "forsmark-repository", "name": "Forsmark spent fuel repository (KBS-3)", "stage": "repository", "company_id": "skb", "country_iso3": "SWE", "lat": 60.4, "lon": 18.167, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM total", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Sized for Sweden's full inventory, roughly 12,000 tHM.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "construction", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The second deep geological repository for spent fuel anywhere to begin construction. Copper canisters in bentonite clay, about 500 metres down in granite — the KBS-3 method Finland also uses. The construction licence was approved in September 2022, surface works are under way, and an application for underground excavation followed in January 2025. Operation is expected in the early 2030s.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-waste/storage-and-disposal-of-radioactive-waste" }, { "slug": "nordlich-lagern", "name": "Nördlich Lägern", "stage": "repository", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "CHE", "lat": 47.52, "lon": 8.47, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM total", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "planned", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Switzerland's proposed repository in Opalinus clay. The general licence application went to the federal government in November 2024; a Federal Council decision is expected around 2029, parliament around 2030, and the decision is subject to an optional national referendum in 2031.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-waste/storage-and-disposal-of-radioactive-waste" }, { "slug": "onkalo", "name": "Onkalo", "stage": "repository", "company_id": "posiva", "country_iso3": "FIN", "lat": 61.235, "lon": 21.48, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM total", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Licensed for roughly 6,500 tU of spent fuel over its operating life.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "construction", "commissioned": "2026", "notes": "The first deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel anywhere, 400 metres down in Olkiluoto granite, using copper canisters in bentonite clay. Construction is complete and the encapsulation plant has been tested with dummy fuel; it awaits an operating licence, with emplacement expected to begin in 2026. Sweden's Forsmark repository, using the same KBS-3 method, is the second to start construction.\n", "source_name": "Posiva Oy", "source_url": "https://www.posiva.fi/en/index.html" }, { "slug": "wipp", "name": "Waste Isolation Pilot Plant", "stage": "repository", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 32.372, "lon": -103.794, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "m³", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Over 90,000 m³ of transuranic waste emplaced. Not spent fuel: WIPP takes defence transuranic waste only, and is legally barred from accepting commercial spent fuel or high-level waste.\n", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": "1999", "notes": "The only operating deep geological repository in the world, 650 metres down in a salt bed that creeps closed and self-seals around the waste. It matters here as proof that deep disposal is engineerable — but it holds defence transuranic waste, not the commercial spent fuel that the rest of this page is about, and the distinction is often lost in argument.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-waste/storage-and-disposal-of-radioactive-waste" }, { "slug": "yucca-mountain", "name": "Yucca Mountain", "stage": "repository", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 36.85, "lon": -116.43, "capacity_value": 70000, "capacity_unit": "tHM total", "capacity_year": 2008, "capacity_note": "Statutory limit set by the Nuclear Waste Policy Act. Never used.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "closed", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Two decades of work and billions of dollars, and no waste was ever emplaced. Congress designated the site in 1987, the licence application went to the NRC in 2008, and funding was withdrawn in 2010. The United States has the largest spent fuel inventory in the world and no disposal route for it; the fuel sits in dry casks at reactor sites, and the federal government pays damages to utilities for failing to take it.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Storage and Disposal of Radioactive Waste", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-waste/storage-and-disposal-of-radioactive-waste" }, { "slug": "la-hague", "name": "La Hague", "stage": "reprocessing", "company_id": "orano", "country_iso3": "FRA", "lat": 49.678, "lon": -1.88, "capacity_value": 1700, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The largest commercial reprocessing plant in the world, separating uranium and plutonium from used fuel for reuse as MOX. It underpins France's closed-cycle policy and has also processed fuel for Japan, Germany and others, returning the vitrified waste to the country of origin.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/fuel-recycling/processing-of-used-nuclear-fuel" }, { "slug": "mayak", "name": "Mayak, Ozersk", "stage": "reprocessing", "company_id": "rosatom", "country_iso3": "RUS", "lat": 55.75, "lon": 60.8, "capacity_value": 400, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": null, "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "operating", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Russia's commercial reprocessing plant, handling VVER-440, fast reactor and naval fuel. The site was also where the 1957 Kyshtym accident occurred, one of the most serious radiological releases in history.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/fuel-recycling/processing-of-used-nuclear-fuel" }, { "slug": "rokkasho-reprocessing", "name": "Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant", "stage": "reprocessing", "company_id": "jnfl", "country_iso3": "JPN", "lat": 40.95, "lon": 141.38, "capacity_value": 800, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2022, "capacity_note": "Design capacity. The plant has not entered commercial operation.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "construction", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Under construction since 1993, with completion postponed more than twenty times. Japan's closed-cycle policy, and the plutonium balance that policy depends on, rests on a plant that has never operated commercially.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/fuel-recycling/processing-of-used-nuclear-fuel" }, { "slug": "sellafield-magnox", "name": "Sellafield (Magnox reprocessing)", "stage": "reprocessing", "company_id": null, "country_iso3": "GBR", "lat": 54.42, "lon": -3.498, "capacity_value": 1500, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": 2021, "capacity_note": "Historic capacity. Magnox reprocessing ceased in 2022.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "closed", "commissioned": null, "notes": "Britain reprocessed for decades at Sellafield through THORP and the Magnox plant. Both have now closed, ending UK commercial reprocessing and leaving the site as a decommissioning and waste-management operation for the next century.\n", "source_name": "World Nuclear Association, Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/fuel-recycling/processing-of-used-nuclear-fuel" }, { "slug": "bwxt-gillette-triso", "name": "BWXT TRISO facility, Gillette", "stage": "triso", "company_id": "bwxt", "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 44.2911, "lon": -105.5022, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Capacity not disclosed. Site selected July 2026.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "planned", "commissioned": null, "notes": "BWXT selected Gillette, Wyoming for a TRISO production facility in 2026, and has said it is considering a dedicated HALEU plant to feed it.\n", "source_name": "BWX Technologies announcement", "source_url": "https://www.bwxt.com/" }, { "slug": "triso-x-oak-ridge", "name": "TRISO-X Fuel Facility (TX-1), Oak Ridge", "stage": "triso", "company_id": "x-energy", "country_iso3": "USA", "lat": 35.93, "lon": -84.31, "capacity_value": null, "capacity_unit": "tHM/yr", "capacity_year": null, "capacity_note": "Capacity not disclosed. Completion targeted for the first half of 2028.", "output_value": null, "output_year": null, "status": "construction", "commissioned": null, "notes": "The first commercial TRISO fuel plant in the West. X-energy holds a Special Nuclear Material licence permitting commercial manufacture using HALEU. It exists because the Xe-100 reactor needs TRISO pebbles that no one else makes at scale — a reactor developer forced to build its own fuel chain.\n", "source_name": "X-energy SEC filings and company announcements", "source_url": "https://x-energy.com/fuel/triso-x" } ], "companies": [ { "slug": "andra", "name": "Andra", "short_name": "Andra", "country_iso3": "FRA", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "repository" ], "hq": "Châtenay-Malabry, France", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://international.andra.fr/" }, { "slug": "atkinsrealis", "name": "AtkinsRéalis (Candu Energy)", "short_name": "AtkinsRéalis", "country_iso3": "CAN", "ownership_type": "listed", "ticker": "ATRL", "exchange": "TSX", "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor" ], "hq": "Montreal, Canada", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.atkinsrealis.com/en/markets/nuclear" }, { "slug": "bhp", "name": "BHP Group", "short_name": "BHP", "country_iso3": "AUS", "ownership_type": "listed", "ticker": "BHP", "exchange": "ASX", "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "miner" ], "hq": "Melbourne, Australia", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.bhp.com/what-we-do/global-locations/australia/olympic-dam" }, { "slug": "bwxt", "name": "BWX Technologies", "short_name": "BWXT", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "listed", "ticker": "BWXT", "exchange": "NYSE", "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor", "fabricator", "haleu" ], "hq": "Lynchburg, Virginia, USA", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.bwxt.com/" }, { "slug": "babcock-wilcox", "name": "Babcock & Wilcox", "short_name": "B&W", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "listed", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor" ], "hq": "Akron, Ohio, USA", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.bwxt.com/about" }, { "slug": "covra", "name": "COVRA", "short_name": "COVRA", "country_iso3": "NLD", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "dry_storage" ], "hq": "Vlissingen, Netherlands", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.covra.nl/en/" }, { "slug": "cameco", "name": "Cameco Corporation", "short_name": "Cameco", "country_iso3": "CAN", "ownership_type": "listed", "ticker": "CCJ", "exchange": "NYSE", "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "miner", "converter", "fabricator" ], "hq": "Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada", "founded": 1988, "source_url": "https://www.cameco.com/about" }, { "slug": "centrus", "name": "Centrus Energy Corp", "short_name": "Centrus", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "listed", "ticker": "LEU", "exchange": "NYSE", "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "enricher", "haleu" ], "hq": "Bethesda, Maryland, USA", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.centrusenergy.com/" }, { "slug": "cgn", "name": "China General Nuclear Power Group", "short_name": "CGN", "country_iso3": "CHN", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor", "operator" ], "hq": "Shenzhen, China", "founded": 1994, "source_url": "http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/" }, { "slug": "cnnc", "name": "China National Nuclear Corporation", "short_name": "CNNC", "country_iso3": "CHN", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor", "operator", "miner", "converter", "enricher", "fabricator" ], "hq": "Beijing, China", "founded": 1955, "source_url": "https://en.cnnc.com.cn/" }, { "slug": "cnnfc", "name": "China North Nuclear Fuel Company", "short_name": "CNNFC", "country_iso3": "CHN", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": "cnnc", "roles": [ "fabricator" ], "hq": "Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://en.cnnc.com.cn/" }, { "slug": "combustion-engineering", "name": "Combustion Engineering", "short_name": "Combustion Eng.", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "private", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": "westinghouse", "roles": [ "vendor" ], "hq": "Windsor, Connecticut, USA", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.westinghousenuclear.com/" }, { "slug": "converdyn", "name": "ConverDyn", "short_name": "ConverDyn", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "private", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "converter" ], "hq": "Lisle, Illinois, USA", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.converdyn.com/" }, { "slug": "doosan", "name": "Doosan Enerbility", "short_name": "Doosan", "country_iso3": "KOR", "ownership_type": "listed", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor" ], "hq": "Changwon, South Korea", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.doosanenerbility.com/en/" }, { "slug": "enusa", "name": "ENUSA Industrias Avanzadas", "short_name": "ENUSA", "country_iso3": "ESP", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "fabricator" ], "hq": "Madrid, Spain", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.enusa.es/en/" }, { "slug": "energoatom", "name": "Energoatom", "short_name": "Energoatom", "country_iso3": "UKR", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "operator", "dry_storage" ], "hq": "Kyiv, Ukraine", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.energoatom.com.ua/en/" }, { "slug": "framatome", "name": "Framatome", "short_name": "Framatome", "country_iso3": "FRA", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor", "fabricator" ], "hq": "Courbevoie, France", "founded": 1958, "source_url": "https://www.framatome.com/en/discover-framatome/who-we-are/" }, { "slug": "ge-vernova-hitachi", "name": "GE Vernova Hitachi Nuclear Energy", "short_name": "GE Hitachi", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "jv", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor", "fabricator" ], "hq": "Wilmington, North Carolina, USA", "founded": 2007, "source_url": "https://www.gevernova.com/nuclear/" }, { "slug": "gnf", "name": "Global Nuclear Fuel", "short_name": "GNF", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "jv", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": "ge-vernova-hitachi", "roles": [ "fabricator" ], "hq": "Wilmington, North Carolina, USA", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.gevernova.com/nuclear/services/nuclear-fuel" }, { "slug": "holtec", "name": "Holtec International", "short_name": "Holtec", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "private", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor", "dry_storage" ], "hq": "Jupiter, Florida, USA", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://holtecinternational.com/" }, { "slug": "jnfl", "name": "Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited", "short_name": "JNFL", "country_iso3": "JPN", "ownership_type": "private", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "enricher", "reprocessing" ], "hq": "Rokkasho, Aomori, Japan", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.jnfl.co.jp/en/" }, { "slug": "kepco-nf", "name": "KEPCO Nuclear Fuel", "short_name": "KEPCO NF", "country_iso3": "KOR", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "fabricator" ], "hq": "Daejeon, South Korea", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.knfc.co.kr/eng/" }, { "slug": "kairos", "name": "Kairos Power", "short_name": "Kairos", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "private", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor" ], "hq": "Alameda, California, USA", "founded": 2016, "source_url": "https://kairospower.com/" }, { "slug": "khnp", "name": "Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power", "short_name": "KHNP", "country_iso3": "KOR", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor", "operator" ], "hq": "Gyeongju, South Korea", "founded": 2001, "source_url": "https://www.khnp.co.kr/eng/" }, { "slug": "mhi", "name": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "short_name": "Mitsubishi", "country_iso3": "JPN", "ownership_type": "listed", "ticker": "7011", "exchange": "TSE", "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor" ], "hq": "Tokyo, Japan", "founded": 1884, "source_url": "https://www.mhi.com/products/energy/nuclear_power_plant.html" }, { "slug": "kazatomprom", "name": "NAC Kazatomprom", "short_name": "Kazatomprom", "country_iso3": "KAZ", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": "KAP", "exchange": "LSE", "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "miner", "fabricator" ], "hq": "Astana, Kazakhstan", "founded": 1997, "source_url": "https://www.kazatomprom.kz/en" }, { "slug": "navoiyuran", "name": "Navoiyuran", "short_name": "Navoiyuran", "country_iso3": "UZB", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "miner" ], "hq": "Navoiy, Uzbekistan", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.uranium.uz/en/" }, { "slug": "nuscale", "name": "NuScale Power", "short_name": "NuScale", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "listed", "ticker": "SMR", "exchange": "NYSE", "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor" ], "hq": "Portland, Oregon, USA", "founded": 2007, "source_url": "https://www.nuscalepower.com/" }, { "slug": "npcil", "name": "Nuclear Power Corporation of India", "short_name": "NPCIL", "country_iso3": "IND", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor", "operator" ], "hq": "Mumbai, India", "founded": 1987, "source_url": "https://www.npcil.nic.in/" }, { "slug": "nwmo", "name": "Nuclear Waste Management Organization", "short_name": "NWMO", "country_iso3": "CAN", "ownership_type": "private", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "repository" ], "hq": "Toronto, Canada", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.nwmo.ca/" }, { "slug": "oklo", "name": "Oklo Inc.", "short_name": "Oklo", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "listed", "ticker": "OKLO", "exchange": "NYSE", "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor" ], "hq": "Santa Clara, California, USA", "founded": 2013, "source_url": "https://oklo.com/" }, { "slug": "orano", "name": "Orano", "short_name": "Orano", "country_iso3": "FRA", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "miner", "converter", "enricher", "fabricator", "reprocessing" ], "hq": "Châtillon, France", "founded": 2018, "source_url": "https://www.orano.group/en/who-we-are" }, { "slug": "paladin", "name": "Paladin Energy", "short_name": "Paladin", "country_iso3": "AUS", "ownership_type": "listed", "ticker": "PDN", "exchange": "ASX", "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "miner" ], "hq": "Perth, Australia", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.paladinenergy.com.au/" }, { "slug": "posiva", "name": "Posiva Oy", "short_name": "Posiva", "country_iso3": "FIN", "ownership_type": "private", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "repository" ], "hq": "Eurajoki, Finland", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.posiva.fi/en/" }, { "slug": "rosatom", "name": "Rosatom", "short_name": "Rosatom", "country_iso3": "RUS", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor", "enricher", "converter", "fabricator", "operator", "miner" ], "hq": "Moscow, Russia", "founded": 2007, "source_url": "https://www.rosatom.ru/en/about-us/" }, { "slug": "spic", "name": "State Power Investment Corporation", "short_name": "SPIC", "country_iso3": "CHN", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor", "operator" ], "hq": "Beijing, China", "founded": 2015, "source_url": "http://eng.spic.com.cn/" }, { "slug": "skb", "name": "Svensk Kärnbränslehantering (SKB)", "short_name": "SKB", "country_iso3": "SWE", "ownership_type": "private", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "dry_storage", "repository" ], "hq": "Solna, Sweden", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://skb.com/" }, { "slug": "tvel", "name": "TVEL Fuel Company", "short_name": "TVEL", "country_iso3": "RUS", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": "rosatom", "roles": [ "enricher", "fabricator" ], "hq": "Moscow, Russia", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.tvel.ru/en/" }, { "slug": "terrapower", "name": "TerraPower", "short_name": "TerraPower", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "private", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor" ], "hq": "Bellevue, Washington, USA", "founded": 2006, "source_url": "https://www.terrapower.com/" }, { "slug": "toshiba", "name": "Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions", "short_name": "Toshiba", "country_iso3": "JPN", "ownership_type": "listed", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor" ], "hq": "Kawasaki, Japan", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.global.toshiba/ww/products-solutions/nuclear.html" }, { "slug": "uranium-one", "name": "Uranium One", "short_name": "Uranium One", "country_iso3": "RUS", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": "rosatom", "roles": [ "miner" ], "hq": "Moscow, Russia", "founded": null, "source_url": "https://www.rosatom.ru/en/" }, { "slug": "urenco", "name": "Urenco", "short_name": "Urenco", "country_iso3": "GBR", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "enricher", "deconversion" ], "hq": "Stoke Poges, United Kingdom", "founded": 1971, "source_url": "https://www.urenco.com/about-us" }, { "slug": "westinghouse", "name": "Westinghouse Electric Company", "short_name": "Westinghouse", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "private", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor", "fabricator" ], "hq": "Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania, USA", "founded": 1886, "source_url": "https://www.cameco.com/businesses/westinghouse" }, { "slug": "x-energy", "name": "X-energy", "short_name": "X-energy", "country_iso3": "USA", "ownership_type": "private", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "vendor", "fabricator" ], "hq": "Rockville, Maryland, USA", "founded": 2009, "source_url": "https://x-energy.com/" }, { "slug": "edf", "name": "Électricité de France", "short_name": "EDF", "country_iso3": "FRA", "ownership_type": "state", "ticker": null, "exchange": null, "parent_id": null, "roles": [ "operator", "utility", "vendor" ], "hq": "Paris, France", "founded": 1946, "source_url": "https://www.edf.fr/en/the-edf-group/who-we-are/profile" } ], "supplies": [ { "from_company_id": "westinghouse", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "pwr", "what": "PWR fuel assemblies", "notes": "Produced at Columbia (USA), Västerås (Sweden) and Springfields (UK).", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "framatome", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "pwr", "what": "PWR fuel assemblies", "notes": "Produced at Romans (France), Richland (USA) and Lingen (Germany).", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "tvel", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "vver", "what": "VVER fuel assemblies", "notes": "Elektrostal and Novosibirsk. VVER assemblies are hexagonal, unlike the square lattice of Western PWR fuel, so the two are not interchangeable.", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "kepco-nf", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "pwr", "what": "PWR fuel assemblies", "notes": null, "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "cnnc", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "pwr", "what": "PWR fuel assemblies", "notes": "Yibin and Baotou, supplying the Chinese domestic fleet.", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "enusa", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "pwr", "what": "PWR and BWR fuel assemblies", "notes": null, "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "mhi", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "pwr", "what": "PWR fuel assemblies", "notes": "Tokai-Mura, supplying the Japanese PWR fleet.", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "westinghouse", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "vver", "what": "VVER-compatible fuel assemblies", "notes": "Developed at Västerås and Columbia so VVER operators could source fuel outside Russia. Qualification took years; it is what allowed Ukraine, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and others to move off TVEL supply after 2022.\n", "source_url": "https://www.westinghousenuclear.com/energy-systems/fuel" }, { "from_company_id": "gnf", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "bwr", "what": "BWR fuel assemblies", "notes": "Wilmington (USA) and Kurihama (Japan).", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "westinghouse", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "bwr", "what": "BWR fuel assemblies", "notes": "Västerås.", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "framatome", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "bwr", "what": "BWR fuel assemblies", "notes": "Lingen.", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "cameco", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "phwr", "what": "CANDU fuel bundles, natural uranium", "notes": "Cameco Fuel Manufacturing at Port Hope, the largest CANDU fuel plant in the world. Because CANDU runs on natural uranium, this line is fed straight from conversion with no enrichment.\n", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "bwxt", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "phwr", "what": "CANDU fuel bundles, natural uranium", "notes": null, "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "npcil", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "phwr", "what": "PHWR fuel bundles, natural uranium", "notes": "Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad, supplying India's indigenous PHWR fleet.", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "kepco-nf", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "phwr", "what": "CANDU fuel bundles", "notes": null, "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "cnnfc", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "phwr", "what": "CANDU fuel bundles", "notes": "Baotou, supplying the Qinshan Phase III units.", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "westinghouse", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "agr", "what": "AGR fuel elements", "notes": "Springfields is the only plant in the world making AGR fuel, for the only AGR fleet in the world. A bespoke product with exactly one customer, whose plant must outlive the reactors.\n", "source_url": "https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/conversion-enrichment-and-fabrication/fuel-fabrication" }, { "from_company_id": "tvel", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "rbmk", "what": "RBMK fuel assemblies", "notes": null, "source_url": "https://www.tvel.ru/en/" }, { "from_company_id": "tvel", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "fbr", "what": "Fast reactor fuel, including MOX", "notes": "Supplies the BN-600 and BN-800 at Beloyarsk.", "source_url": "https://www.tvel.ru/en/" }, { "from_company_id": "x-energy", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "htgr", "what": "TRISO particle fuel, HALEU enrichment", "notes": "TRISO-X at Oak Ridge, targeted for completion in the first half of 2028. HTGR fuel needs enrichment above the 5% ceiling, so this route depends on HALEU supply that barely exists.\n", "source_url": "https://x-energy.com/fuel/triso-x" }, { "from_company_id": "bwxt", "to_entity_type": "fuel_family", "to_entity_id": "htgr", "what": "TRISO particle fuel", "notes": "Planned facility at Gillette, Wyoming; site selected 2026.", "source_url": "https://www.bwxt.com/" } ] }